Perspectives on Social Protection in the Industrialized Countries

Protection for all citizens or residents (universal protection) Protection for people with low incomes (means-tested assistance) Protection for workers who have contributed to insurance fund (social insurance) Health insurance might be universalistic (as in Canada and the U.K.) Basic income protection or food security might be provided using a means test (as in U.S.A.) Old-age and disability pensions and unemployment benefits might be offered under a social insurance system (as in Germany, France, and U.S.A.)